Testing SATA Express And Why We Need Faster SSDs
by Kristian Vättö on March 13, 2014 7:00 AM EST- Posted in
- Storage
- SSDs
- Asus
- SATA
- SATA Express
During the hard drive era, the Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) had no problems keeping up with the bandwidth requirements. The performance increases that new hard drives provided were always quite moderate because ultimately the speed of the hard drive was limited by its platter density and spindle speed. Given that increasing the spindle speed wasn't really a viable option for mainstream drives due to power and noise issues, increasing the platter density was left as the only source of performance improvement. Increasing density is always a tough job and it's rare that we see any sudden breakthroughs, which is why density increases have only given us small speed bumps every once in a while. Even most of today's hard drives can't fully saturate the SATA 1.5Gbps link, so it's obvious that the SATA-IO didn't have much to worry about. However, that all changed when SSDs stepped into the game.
SSDs no longer relied on rotational media for storage but used NAND, a form of non-volatile storage, instead. With NAND the performance was no longer dictated by the laws of rotational physics because we were dealing with all solid-state storage, which introduced dramatically lower latencies and opened the door for much higher throughputs, putting pressure on SATA-IO to increase the interface bandwidth. To illustrate how fast NAND really is, let's do a little calculation.
It takes 115 microseconds to read 16KB (one page) from IMFT's 20nm 128Gbit NAND. That works out to be roughly 140MB/s of throughput per die. In a 256GB SSD you would have sixteen of these, which works out to over 2.2GB/s. That's about four times the maximum bandwidth of SATA 6Gbps. This is all theoretical of course—it's one thing to dump data into a register but transferring it over an interface requires more work. However, the NAND interfaces have also caught up in the last couple of years and we are now looking at up to 400MB/s per channel (both ONFI 3.x and Toggle-Mode 2.0). With most client platforms being 8-channel designs, the potential NAND-to-controller bandwidth is up to 3.2GB/s, meaning it's no longer a bottleneck.
Given the speed of NAND, it's not a surprise that the SATA interface quickly became a bottleneck. When Intel finally integrated SATA 6Gbps into its chipsets in early 2011, SandForce immediately came out with its SF-2000 series controllers and said, "Hey, we are already maxing out SATA 6Gbps; give us something faster!" The SATA-IO went back to the drawing board and realized that upping the SATA interface to 12Gbps would require several years of development and the cost of such rapid development would end up being very high. Another major issue was power; increasing the SATA protocol to 12Gbps would have meant a noticeable increase in power consumption, which is never good.
Therefore the SATA-IO had to look elsewhere in order to provide a fast yet cost efficient standard in a timely matter. Due to these restrictions, it was best to look at already existing interfaces, more specifically PCI Express, to speed up the time to the market as well as cut costs.
Serial ATA | PCI Express | |||
2.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | |
Link Speed | 3Gbps | 6Gbps |
8Gbps (x2) 16Gbps (x4) |
16Gbps (x2) 32Gbps (x4) |
Effective Data Rate | ~275MBps | ~560MBps |
~780MBps ~1560MBps |
~1560MBps ~3120MBps (?) |
PCI Express makes a ton of sense. It's already integrated into all major platforms and thanks to scalability it offers the room for future bandwidth increases when needed. In fact, PCIe is already widely used in the high-end enterprise SSD market because the SATA/SAS interface was never enough to satisfy the enterprise performance needs in the first place.
Even a PCIe 2.0 x2 link offers about a 40% increase in maximum throughput over SATA 6Gbps. Like most interfaces, PCIe 2.0 isn't 100% efficient and based on our internal tests the bandwidth efficiency is around 78-79%, so in the real world you should expect to get ~780MB/s out of a PCIe 2.0 x2 link, but remember that SATA 6Gbps isn't 100% either (around 515MB/s is the typical maximum we see). The currently available PCIe SSD controller designs are all 2.0 based but we should start to see some PCIe 3.0 drives next year. We don't have efficiency numbers for 3.0 yet but I would expect to see nearly twice the bandwidth of 2.0, making +1GB/s a norm.
But what exactly is SATA Express? Hop on to next page to read more!
131 Comments
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MrSpadge - Friday, March 14, 2014 - link
You're right, the increased interface power consumption won't matter much and will be counterbalanced by the quicker execution time. But as far as I understand the bulk of SSD power draw under load, especially for writes, comes from the actual NAND power draw (unless the controller would be really inefficient). If this is true higher performance automatically equates higher SSD power draw under load.willis936 - Thursday, March 13, 2014 - link
I love SATAe and NVMe but whenever SAS is mentioned as a comparison it would be nice to use 12G numbers. I noticed a Microsoft graph showed the 6G but didn't even label it. A doubling of bandwidth is nothing to sneeze at. That said SAS is expensive and is for a very different market.Flunk - Thursday, March 13, 2014 - link
I think they're really making a mistake trying to keep the same connector as SATA. Tacking on a new cable that looks so unwieldy just seems silly. And why not just use M.2 slots? Especially if this is for notebooks (and based on the power usage comparisons it seems like it is, otherwise why would it matter?).I suspect this will go nowhere. Reminds me of ISA 2.0.
Rajinder Gill - Thursday, March 13, 2014 - link
Backwards compatibility with existing SATA devices was the primary reason for keeping the connector as part of the interface. :)Flunk - Thursday, March 13, 2014 - link
I understand that, but there isn't much reason not to have 2 sets of ports with the legacy ones slowly disappearing on a desktop. The ports are not large and there is plenty of space. This way we're stuck with a future of badly-designed ports far past the end of SATA's lifetime.Kristian Vättö - Thursday, March 13, 2014 - link
SATA Express is mainly for desktops -- in mobile M.2 will be the dominant form factor (though SATAe might have some place there too as I mentioned in the article).As for power consumption and battery life, that was about PCIe in general.
phoenix_rizzen - Thursday, March 13, 2014 - link
So why not add M.2 slots to the desktop, in a vertical orientation, and just make M.2->M.2 cables? Then add the M.2 connector to desktop drives?TheinsanegamerN - Monday, March 24, 2014 - link
because, silly, that would mean being progressive and eliminating all backwards compatibility, and we CANT do that! /sin all seriousness, that would be much nicer. manufacturers would probably throw a temper tantrum, but aside from that, it would be a great solution.
grahaman27 - Thursday, March 13, 2014 - link
I would like to see USB 3.1 replace sata6. It sounds unusual, but with the combination of 10Gbps speeds, the new two-way small connector, and integrated power, I think it would really be useful for the expandability and tidiness inside my computer.Veramocor - Thursday, March 13, 2014 - link
Just posted that later on. I have an external usb 3.0 hardrive why can't I have an internal one. Even better would be thunderbolt 2 at 20 Gbps.